Facts are absolute, and righteousness is a matter of perspective.
Caesar as a military general used conventional warfare tactics, albeit brutally, to wage civil war against the Roman state. His troops were disciplined legions. When he crossed the Rubicon, it was an explicit military act. He also used brutal treatment of non-combatants as a key feature of his strategy, which aimed to terrorize opponents into submission and solidify Roman power. Many of Caesar’s contemporaries viewed his actions as a severe and terrifying threat, not only to their political power but to the established traditions of the Roman Republic itself. Early in his career, he was targeted for death by a political enemy and later faced potential legal prosecution that could have led to exile or execution.
Mahatma Gandhi, at different points in his life, contrary to his core philosophy of non-violence, supported or encouraged actions that involved violence or were in service of a violent cause. These decisions reflected what he saw as a complex choice between cowardice and action, even if the action involved violence.
Gandhi did not take this decision lightly. He argued that it was “better to be violent, if there is violence in our hearts, than to put on the cloak of non-violence to cover impotence”. In his view, a courageous but violent act was superior to a cowardly and passive one.
Mahatma Gandhi was repeatedly jailed as a political prisoner throughout his activism in both South Africa and India. His imprisonments were not for common crimes, but for his leadership in nonviolent civil disobedience against British colonial rule and discriminatory laws. The British authorities considered his actions, such as leading protests and publishing anti-government articles, to be seditious.
Cleopatra VII led and participated in acts of violence for political reasons, particularly in civil wars within her own family and against the state of Rome. She was a skilled and ruthless politician, she used both force and diplomacy to maintain power throughout her reign. Cleopatra used violence, both directly and indirectly, againstseveral of her family members and political opponents in order to secure and maintain her rule over Egypt. Cleopatra was taken as a political prisoner in Alexandria before her suicide in 30 BCE.
George Washington was a perceived British terrorist. In 1754, as a young colonel in the Virginia militia, Washington was captured by the French. During the American Revolution, the British viewed Washington as a traitor and made multiple attempts to capture him, which would have ended his life or career. The revolution he lead could be viewed as him being a political prisoner in the modern sense if he was caught of being detained for dissent against one’s own government.
Nelson Mandela was a political prisoner. He spent 27 years in prison, from 1962 to 1990, for his leadership in the fight against South Africa’s apartheid system. The apartheid government arrested him for actions related to his opposition to the state’s racist policies, including sabotage, treason, and conspiracy.
Nelson Mandela’s view on violence was not absolute and evolved over his lifetime, but he explicitly came to justify and use it as a strategic tactic against the violent repression of the apartheid regime. Unlike Mahatma Gandhi, for whom non-violence was a moral principle, Mandela described it as a tactic that needed to be abandoned when it was no longer effective.
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